La iniciativa de cables submarinos SMART es un área de investigación científica en desarrollo cuyo objetivo es integrar y utilizar una red de sensores dentro de un sistema de cable submarino para recoger datos científicos que permitan una mejor comprensión, planificación y notificaciones relacionadas con el cambio climático, la subida del nivel del mar, el calentamiento de los océanos, los tsunamis y los terremotos. Chile, a través de su Proyecto de cable Humboldt, pretende mejorar la red de comunicación para los (...) sensores de tsunamis en la Antártida, potenciando las capacidades SMART para la vigilancia de tsunamis en la región Antártica lo que supondrá mejorar la evaluación de las amenazas para la alerta temprana de tsunamis en apoyo de las bases Antárticas. La vigilancia de las regiones polares es un componente fundamental para comprender el cambio climático. ¿Cuál es el régimen jurídico que debe enfrentar el proyecto de cable Antártico? (shrink)

Obituario por la pérdida de un compañero.

Genetic engineering has been a topic of discussion for over 50 years, but it is only recently that gene editing has become a reality. CRISPR biotechnologies have made gene editing much safer, precise and feasible. We have witnessed the first cases of human germline genetic modification resulting in live births, conducted by He Jiankui. In this paper, we will analyse He Jiankui’s case in relation to one of the most difficult problems in procreative ethics (or the ethics of future generations): (...) the non‐identity problem. We believe that this analysis will help us to understand the ethics involved in gene editing and hopefully allow for a better, more philosophically grounded legislation on CRISPR and other gene‐editing technologies. (shrink)

Although ethical decision‐making theory has evolved over the years, within the field of management, research still revolves around James Rest’s (1986) four‐step framework, dominated by a positivist epistemology and a quantitative methodology. Given that currently there is a call for a theoretical, epistemological, and methodological renovation for the enlargement and enrichment of knowledge about how decisions are morally made in organizations, this paper has a double aim. First, by showing the models’ main flaws and limitations, it critically assesses the prominent (...) theoretical models of Rest, Trevino, and Jones. Then, for decision making in organizations, the paper aims to posit a fresh moral theory that addresses the phenomenon from a comprehensive epistemological perspective. To do so, it steps back from those prominent models in order to review John Dewey’s “theory of moral life.” At the core of the proposed comprehensive theoretical framework are Dewey’s concepts of a “moral standard” and “valuation.” Finally, the paper shows how the Dewey‐based framework can both overcome the flaws and limitations that are identified in those prominent models and can enrich empirical research, therefore contributing to developing as a whole the ethical decision‐making field. (shrink)

DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO BUENO, Marcos Paulo de Oliveira. A arte de crer na contemporaneidade : possibilidades e limites do cristianismo segundo Gianni Vattimo. 2012. 127 folhas. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte.

Curso de Geografia de Jean-Jacques Rousseau integra o X volume da edição de OEuvres complètes de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Édition thématique du Tricentenaire, Slatkine/Honoré Champion (2012), subintitulado Escritos Científicos. Para esta tradução, além do texto consagrado na edição do tricentenário, também utilizamos a edição norte-americana dos textos de Rousseau organizada por Christopher Kelly, intitulada Autobiographical, scientific, religious, moral, and literary writings (2007). Preservamos, integralmente, as indispensáveis notas ao texto em língua francesa, que são de autoria de Christophe Van Staen.

Resumo: O alvo da teoria do conhecimento de dewey é a ação humana "guiada" pela inteligência, a "conduta inteligente". Mas, a inteligência não é uma estrutura que se sobrepõe aos seres humanos: ela é uma função vital natural que tem como papel específico produzir, na ação, indicações de suas conseqüências possíveis.: Dewey's epistemology target is the human behavior "guided" by intelligence: an intelligence conduct. But, not intelligence as structure which rises upon human beings: it is a natural vital function charged (...) of producing, by acting, indications of theirs consequences. (shrink)

Ugar and Malele 1 critique the use of ‘generic’ technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for mental health diagnoses, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. They highlight how these AI medical tools often overlook traditional perspectives and local contexts. The article has the merit of working on ethical issues regarding the particularities and risks of using AI and ML for health diagnosis in the Global South, an urgent and neglected topic. According to the authors, the use of these (...) AI technologies leads to overgeneralisation in diagnosing mental disorders, which could be especially problematic in the mental health field because of value-laden judgements intrinsic to the definition of mental health disorders. This argument is theoretically grounded in the hybrid conceptualisation of mental disorders proposed by Wakefield. 2 This author’s perspective incorporates both factual and value components in defining mental disorders, framing them as context-dependent ‘harmful dysfunctions’... (shrink)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-growing technology that connects everyday devices to the Internet, enabling wireless, low-consumption and low-cost communication and data exchange. IoT has revolutionized the way devices interact with each other and the internet. The more devices become connected, the greater the risk of security breaches. There is currently a need for new approaches to algorithms that can detect malware regardless of the size of the network and that can adapt to dynamic changes in the network. (...) Through the use of a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for malware detection in IoT devices. The proposed algorithm is not strongly dependent on the size of the IoT network due to the that its training is adapted using time differences if the IoT network size is small or Monte Carlo otherwise. To validate the proposed algorithm in an environment as close to reality as possible, we proposed a scenario based on a real IoT network, where we tested different malware propagation models. Different simulations varying the number of agents and nodes in the IoT network have been developed. The result of these simulations proves the efficiency and adaptability of the proposed algorithm in detecting malware, regardless of the malware propagation model. (shrink)

Unlike with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical research, little has been said about the ethical principles that should regulate the use of RCTs in experimental development economics. One well-known principle in clinical research ethics is the principle of clinical equipoise. Some recent commentators suggest that an analogue of clinical equipoise should play a role in experimental development economics. In this article, I first highlight some difficulties with importing the concept to experimental development economics. I then argue that MacKay’s (2018, (...) 2020) notion of policy equipoise avoids these difficulties and has a role to play in experimental development economics. (shrink)

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic (...) is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. -/- Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized. (shrink)

After centuries of symbolic and political oppression, Galicia has been recognized by the Spanish constitution as a historic nationality. However, despite a certain degree of political autonomy, Galician identity is threatened by increasing homogenization in the economic, social, cultural and linguistic fields. In the early 1990s the aesthetic movement Bravú constructed an aesthetic community, sustained by an ideological project, and with the aim to, on the one hand, prevent Galician culture from becoming folklore stuck in a time warp and, on (...) the other hand, to validate Galician identity. The Bravú artists refused the historically inherited outsider position and contributed to a reinvention of Galician identity and of a political ideal within a cosmopolitan, internationalist framework and by reversing social stigmas through their works and performances. (shrink)

We study a modal language for negative operators—an intuitionistic-like negation and its paraconsistent dual—added to (bounded) distributive lattices. For each non-classical negation an extra operator is hereby adjoined in order to allow for standard logical inferences to be opportunely restored. We present abstract characterizations and exhibit the main properties of each kind of negative modality, as well as of the associated connectives that express consistency and determinedness at the object-language level. Appropriate sequent-style proof systems and adequate kripke semantics are also (...) introduced, characterizing the minimal normal logic and a few other basic logics containing such negative modalities and their companions. (shrink)

Em diálogo com Paulo Freire, o artigo enfatiza a condição sine qua non de existir ética para haver docência, afirmando ainda que a ética pode ser ensinada, mas não com base apenas em conceitos, pois somente através da interação e do reconhecer da alteridade pode o professor assumir uma atitude ética, sendo autônomo e gerando autonomia.

Resenha do livro Espinosa e Vermeer: imanência na filosofia e na pintura, de Sara Hornäk, publicado no Brasil, em 2010, pela editora Paulus.

This edited volume explores the different and seminal ways colours matter to philosophy. Each chapter provides an insightful analysis of one or more cases in which colours raise philosophical problems in different areas and periods of philosophy. This historically informed discussion examines both logical and linguistic aspects, covering such areas as the mind, aesthetics and the foundations of mathematics. The international contributors look at traditional epistemological and metaphysical issues on the subjectivity and objectivity of colours. In addition, they also assess (...) phenomenological problems typical of the continental tradition and contemporary problems in the philosophy of mind. The chapters include coverage of such topics as Newton’s and Goethe’s theory of light and colours, how primary qualities are qualitative and colours are primary, explaining colour phenomenology, and colour in cognition, language and philosophy. "This book beautifully prepares the ground for the next steps in our research on and philosophising about colour" Daniel D. Hutto "It is not an overstatement to say that How Colours to Philosophy is a ground breaking publication" Mazviita Chirimuuta "Anyone interested in philosophical issues about color will find it highly stimulating." Martine Nida-Rümelin "The high quality papers included in this anthology succeed admirably in enriching current philosophical thinking about colour” Erik Myin “This is certainly the most complete collection of philosophical essays on colours ever published” André Leclerc “All in all this collections represents a new milestone in the ongoing philosophical debate on colours and colour expressions” Ingolf Max. (shrink)

Review of Venturinha, Nuno : The Textual Genesis of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. Routledge: New York, 2013.

Objetivamos, neste texto, estabelecer uma aproximação entre ética e educação, a partir do pensamento de Levinas. Apresentaremos uma (re) avaliação crítica da pedagogia da Totalidade, fundada no saber técnico-instrumental, ensinada pela maestria do Mesmo. Demonstraremos que Levinas não é só um crítico da filosofia e pedagogia tradicional, mas que sua reflexão abre vias para se pensar os desafios da educação contemporânea, recolocando a urgência do resgate de um outro-modo-de-ser pedagógico, fundamentalmente, Ético. Defenderemos que a grande contribuição de Levinas para a (...) educação, consiste na (re)significação de um outro modo de Ensino, agora fecundamente baseado e fundado no ensinamento proveniente do Outro, enquanto condição ético-crítica de todo o saber. (shrink)

Recent decades have seen a considerable and progressive increase in historical claims. Within the context of colonialism criticism, but also outside this sphere, numerous politicians, collectives and intellectuals have emerged to denounce certain acts of the past, demanding recognition and repentance that would compensate for these past affronts. In this article we will analyze one of these cases: the demand for an apology from Spain and the Vatican by the President of Mexico, López Obrador. Taking as a guide the debate (...) around the ethical problem of non-identity, we will see what ethical and metaphysical assumptions serve as the basis for these claims. We will also assess whether the claims of the so-called «historical victims» are consistent and ethically acceptable. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 O presente artigo analisa a passagem da hermenêutica metodológica à experiência hermenêutica como crítica e fundamento do saber filosófico. Inicialmente, apresenta a crítica da hermenêutica à absolutizaçáo da lógica matemática como estrutura da pesquisa e produçáo de sentido na filosofia. A lógica matemática sedimenta a dinâmica da vida do homem por náo estar aberta às contingências da existência, porém a vida do homem náo se compreende sob a forma da lógica matemática. Posteriormente, demonstra (...) que compreender a dinâmica da vida do sujeito pressupõe uma hermenêutica filosófica, que interprete o verdadeiro sentido do humano. Essa compreensáo hermenêutico-filosófica se estabelece mediante uma inter-relaçáo entre o sujeito e o algo a ser interpretado. Por fim, defende que a condiçáo de possibilidade dessa inter-relaçáo é a experiência hermenêutica, o que implica uma abertura ao que esse algo tem a dizer ao sujeito, tornando-se, assim, o ponto de partida da compreensáo e fundamentaçáo do saber crítico-reflexivo. (shrink)

Suele entenderse la Filosofía como el desarrollo de problemas guiados por un método que el autor del texto propone, siendo este generalmente un método racional. Pero la propuesta que aquí se hace es que los textos capitales de Miguel de Unamuno se configuran como una estrategia, para que el lector se implique con el autor en problemas y métodos que deben comprenderse en claves distintas a los usuales. Los textos de Unamuno entienden la tarea del lector como condición de posibilidad (...) para su propia comprensión. Y en este sentido necesitan al lector. Pero el tipo de lector que requiere no es un lector científico sino un lector mitológico. Mostrar esta propuesta, en la lectura Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, es lo que me propongo en este trabajo. (shrink)

The pessimistic tone employed by Rousseau in his Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, as well as in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, draws the attention of the most careless reader. Indeed, when we observe the tone he adopts in these texts, it is no wonder that he dedicated a substantial part of his work to present what could be seen as a handful of attempts to solve the problems he first addressed in the texts presented to the (...) Academy of Dijon. On the other hand, the movements we observe on both Discourses seem to leave no doubt that Rousseau considered the decadence he observed in the society of his time as the inevitable result of a process which, once set in motion, would allow no escape. That would suffice to turn works such as The Social Contract into little more than tools to diagnose the woes that befall a society. The tension between these two points of view, one concerning the desperate perception of our decadence and the other seeming to be the one of an author that aims at promoting change, shall be the guideline of this paper. (shrink)

Ex 5,22-6.1 presents Moses appealing to the Lord and God's answer to the prophet. Moses' prayer is configured as a cry of despair stemming from a bewilderment of his vocation as a promoter of liberty, subdued by human conditions. The prophet of failure is paradoxical, since it reveals both as a personal and divine failure. For these reasons, Moses has faith put to the test. His reaction shown by a fiery prayer and full of fervor. God responds with the renewal (...) of the promise of liberation. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Formal Technique and Epithalamial Setting in the Song of the Parcae (Catullus 64.305–22, 328–36, 372–80)Marcos Ruiz SánchezThe present study aims to analyze the technique of verbal reminiscences and the structure of the frame of the song of the Parcae, one of the most important sections in poem 64 and the most controversial in meaning, together with the implications these verbal echoes have for the meaning of the text.Catullus’ (...) poem 64 was undoubtedly conceived by the author himself as his masterpiece and it appears as such in the very centre of the collection. We know from poem 95 that Cinna, Catullus’ poet friend and companion on his journey to the East, took nine years to write a similar poem, the epyllion entitled Zmyrna. Cinna’s work was famous for its obscurity, but also poem 35 mentions the time spent by another poet from Catullus’ circle of friends in writing a poem on the Magna Mater. Both references reveal the meticulousness (the labor limae) with which the neoteric poets composed their most important works.This explains the reason for the compositional virtuosity that can frequently be discovered in poem 64. An example of this is the repeated use of verbal reminiscences throughout the poem. 1 For the author this procedure serves various purposes: to provide a frame for the descriptive sections or direct speech; to link the different events by underlining the causal relations between them; to confer a symbolic nature on the text, and so forth. Before we turn to the introduction of the Parcae and their song, which is the main focus of this paper, it will be useful to illustrate Catullus’ technique of simultaneous ring composition and forward [End Page 75] cross-reference through verbal echoes from verses 112–15. This one case and its allusive network may serve as an example, among many, of this compositional virtuosity of Catullus. When he describes the hero Theseus emerging from the labyrinth after slaying the Minotaur, he does so in the following terms:inde pedem sospes multa cum laude reflexit errabunda regens tenui vestigia filo, ne labyrintheis e flexibus egredientem tecti frustraretur inobservabilis error.(64.112–15)These verses are an echo, after the elaborated Homeric simile used by the author to refer to the death of the monster, of those in which Catullus previously described the fears of Ariadne enamoured by Theseus’ fortune:cum saevum cupiens contra contendere monstrum aut mortem appeteret Theseus aut praemia laudis! non ingrata tamen frustra munuscula divis promittens tacito succepit vota labello.2 (64.101–4)In both cases the narration centres on the favours granted Theseus by Ariadne: in the first with the supplications she directs to the gods; in the second with the gift of the ball of thread which enables the hero to escape from the labyrinth.It is not difficult to discover a closer relation between the two passages. In the first, Theseus wishes to fight the monster: cum saevum cupiens contra contendere monstrum /... Theseus. The expectation thus raised with regard to possible narratives is answered in verse 110, which evokes the previous verse: sic domito saevum postravit corpore Theseus.The hero wishes for death or glory: 3 aut mortem appeteret Theseus [End Page 76] aut praemia laudis This verse is taken up later in the following passage: inde pedem sospes multa cum laude reflexit (64.112). If Theseus wished for death or the reward of glory, Ariadne’s help enabled him to avoid one and achieve the other. The reappearance of the term frustra (102) in the verb frustraretur (115) stresses the heroine’s intervention. 4In verses 112–15 we find, moreover, the stylistic recourse of etymologically related words that had been used by the poet in the previous simile (indomitus turbo, 107; exturbata, 108; domito, 110). Reflexit (112) and errabunda vestigia (113) are echoed again in labyrintheis flexibus (114) and inobservabilis error (115), such that the verses are ordered as follows: A (112), B (113), A′ (114), B′ (115).The repetitions stress the difficulty in returning and the importance of Ariadne’s help. Theseus’ life depends on the tenuous thread that governs his steps. Reflexit and flexibus emphasize the tortuousness... (shrink)

A proposta do presente trabalho é analisar desde uma perspectiva antropológica a decisão vocacional entre seminaristas catarinenses. O trabalho de campo através da “objetivação participante” foi desenvolvido no Seminário Filosófico de Santa Catarina, e ampliado para ex-seminaristas, estagiários e padres. Analisando discursos e práticas foi possível perceber como que o despertar da vocação e as decisões implicadas na caminhada vocacional estão relacionados às condições históricas, econômicas e sociais. O primeiro capítulo resgata a história da implantação das dioceses e seminários no (...) Brasil, especificamente em Santa Catarina, possibilitando perceber como que a estrutura da Igreja Católica, em diálogo com as estruturas sociais, condiciona determinados tipos de recrutamento e de representações sobre a vocação sacerdotal. Considerando a multiplicação no número de padres nas últimas três décadas, buscou-se compreender algumas estratégias da Igreja para manter e reproduzir o corpo clerical, principalmente em relação ao papel da família, dos padres e dos coroinhas no processo do despertar e do recrutamento para o seminário. O segundo capítulo explora como aspectos econômicos estão presentes durante o processo de formação dos seminaristas destacando a importância da família, paróquias, comunidades e madrinhas para manter financeiramente o candidato ao sacerdócio. A análise indica como que estes jovens se envolvem num sistema de trocas para manutenção financeira, aonde a dialética de “dar, receber e retribuir” é fundamental para a decisão na caminhada vocacional. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo expõe como a experiência religiosa do sujeito subjaz às representações da vocação e possibilitam compreender a relação entre estruturas postas e a capacidade inventiva dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de inculcação da vocação. (shrink)

Here, the logical behaviour of negation in Wittgenstein's Tractatus is compared with Demos' account of denial. Even if we hold negation as a pure syntactical device, at least in some context, it brings a handful of complex semantic information – potentially an infinite amount. We advocate then the existence of at least two negations due to the existence of two different and non-reducible types of exclusion. The first negation is a Tractarian and classical one, based on the notion of contradiction, (...) whereas the second is a non-classical negation, based on the notion of contrariety. (shrink)

We say that things happen accidentally when they do indeed happen, but only by chance. In the opposite situation, an essential happening is inescapable, its inevitability being the sine qua non for its very occurrence. This paper will investigate modal logics on a language tailored to talk about essential and accidental statements. Completeness of some among the weakest and the strongest such systems is attained. The weak expressibility of the classical propositional language enriched with the non-normal modal operators of essence (...) and accident is highlighted and illustrated, both with respect to the definability of the more usual modal operators as well as with respect to the characterizability of classes of frames. Several interesting problems and directions are left open for exploration. (shrink)

La ética ambiental nació como justa contestación a los excesos del antropocentrismo. Sin embargo, un énfasis obsesivo en lo ético y en lo ambiental, con el consiguiente olvido de lo antropológico, puede estar dañando la vida humana, la libertad de las personas y la vida en general. Abogamos aquí por la construcción de una ecología humana que vaya más allá y más al fondo que las éticas ambientales al uso. Defendemos que el humanismo es perfectamente compatible con el reconocimiento del (...) valor inherente de todos los seres naturales. Lo hacemos basándonos principalmente en algunas ideas de Hans Jonas, aunque rechazamos su heurística catastrofista. De él retomamos la idea de que existe una responsabilidad moral hacia los demás seres vivos, empezando por los más próximos en el tiempo y en el espacio, y hacia el libre florecimiento de las personas actuales. Con ello, también, se rebaja el peso de lo ético sobre nuestra acción ecológica. Esta ha de atender principalmente a criterios experienciales, antropológicos, científicos y de sentido común. Por último, defendemos que la política, la educación y la comunicación ambiental deben orientarse directamente hacia la libertad y el desarrollo virtuoso de las personas actuales, y no hacia el control de las mismas por culpabilización. El tránsito desde la ética ambiental hacia la ecología humana —concluimos— puede ser beneficioso tanto para las personas como para la naturaleza. (shrink)

Scientist naturalism as pseudo religion and anti-natural theology After exposing the basic ideas of the naturalistic worldview, an attempt is made to show that naturalism is an interpretation of science that has an inescapable "mythological" dimension, in the sense that Midgley gives to this expression. This does not discredit it on principle but means that we cannot accept it uncritically by the mere fact that it appeals to the natural sciences to justify its validity. It is then argued that the (...) central commitment of naturalists is the affirmation of atheism. In fact, the most radical contemporary naturalisms can be interpreted as an attempt to make every natural theology impossible, i.e., they seek to destroy the grounds on which reason classically relies to affirm the existence of God. It is argued that naturalism does not necessarily enjoy a priori epistemological superiority over theism. (shrink)